Interstate Jurisdiction : Child Custody across State Lines
During the Holiday season many Texas parents become very concerned over sending their child to the non-primary conservator parent’s home for a visit. Many Children will cross state lines to see their non-primary conservator parent and there is always a fear that the child may not be returned to his/her home state. What can you do if this does happen?
The State of Texas follows a uniform law regarding determination of appropriate state jurisdiction in custody matters known as the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA), and related statutes which enforce or set procedures regarding proper jurisdiction such as the Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act. Texas has adopted these statutes. The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Enforcement Act defines which state has or may maintain jurisdiction in a particular case and often mandates that other states recognize decisions handed down by the state determined to have jurisdiction.
The Act states, among other things, that a court may rule on custody issues if the Child:
• Has continually lived in a home state for 6 months or longer
• Was living in the state before being wrongfully taken elsewhere by a parent seeking custody in another state
• Has an established relationship with people (family, relatives or teachers), ties, and attachments in the state
• Has been abandoned: or is safe in current state, but could be in danger of neglect or abuse in the home state
How can Continuing Exclusive Jurisdiction be lost?
1. When A Texas Court determines that neither the child, or a child and one parent have a significant contact with Texas, and substantial evidence is no longer available in Texas concerning the child’s care, protection, and personal relationships
2. Texas or another state determines that the child and the child parents do not presently reside in Texas.
What about Jurisdiction to Modify an Existing Order?
In the absence of temporary emergency jurisdiction, Texas cannot modify a child custody decision made by another state’s court unless or until a court of this state has jurisdiction to make an initial custody determination and one of the following occurs:
1. Another State determines it no longer has continuing jurisdiction or finds that Texas would be a more convenient forum.
2. A court determines that the child and the child’s parents do not presently reside in the other state.
What about Temporary Emergency Jurisdiction?
Temporary emergency jurisdiction is reserved for very extraordinary circumstances. The court has and may assert jurisdiction only when a child is present in the state and has been abandoned or is in need of protection because of a threat or subjected the child to mistreatment or abuse.
When involved in an international child custody case where the child has been abducted or is wrongfully retained, the issue may be determined if the International Child Abduction Remedies Act, 12 USC Section 11.601-11610, of the Hague Convention, is applicable. If so, The US State Department Office of Citizen & Counselor Services should be contacted or any attorney may file suit for return of the child.
These interstate jurisdiction cases are very intensive. Get to a knowledgeable interstate jurisdiction attorney and assert your rights quickly. Protect you and your child’s rights to have a normal child/parent relationship without the fear of abduction!
Contesting a Will in Texas
Typically, standing to contest the validity of a Will is limited to two classes of persons:
1) a person who is named on the face of the Will (i.e. any beneficiary); and 2) a person who would inherit from the testator if the Will was invalid.
The most common grounds, or reasons, for contesting a Will are:
- Undue influence – is an equitable doctrine, which involves one person taking advantage of a position of power over another person. In such cases, free will to bargain is not possible.
- Duress
- Election against the Will by a widowed spouse or orphaned children
- Fraud – a deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual
- Insane delusion
- Testamentary capacity (same as a lack of disposing mind and memory) – in the common law tradition, testamentary capacity is the legal term used to describe a person’s legal and mental ability to make a valid Will. This concept has also been called sound mind and memory.
Adults are presumed to have the ability to make a will. Litigation about testamentary capacity typically revolves around charges that the testator, by virtue of senility, dementia, insanity, or other unsoundness of mind, lacked the mental capacity to make a will. In essence, the doctrine requires those who would challenge a validly executed will to demonstrate that the testator did not know the consequence of his conduct when he executed the will.
Certain people, such as minors, are conclusively deemed incapable of making a will by the common law; however, minors who serve in the military are conceded the right to make a will by statute in many jurisdictions.
Business Contracts : A Perspective for an Employer
The best employment law defense counsel takes every aspect of a case into account, but most importantly the impact a lawsuit may have on the reputation and finances of the Company. Employers must be aware of state and federal laws that govern employee hiring, compensation and treatment. Federal and State employment laws concerning wages and overtime are complex and impose significant responsibility on the employer.
Other things an employer should consider are:
- Anti-discrimination laws
- sexual discrimination
- age discrimination
- disability discrimination
- race discrimination
- Hiring practices (contracts)
- Compensation (wages, bonuses, paid leave, vacation pay, benefits, severance packages)
- Family and Medical Leave
- Termination
- Immigration matters
- Sexual harassment
- Intellectual property rights
Employers should also be cognizant of employees that are allowed access to intellectual property information created or developed for the Company by employees in the course of their employment.
There are a number of questions to be addressed by the Employer both at the time of hiring personnel and at regular intervals throughout the course of their employment, such as:
·The scope of the employees duties, and how those are to be documented;
·Their level of seniority;
·Whether their duties involve a requirement that they invent (or contribute to inventions);
·The employee’s propensity to invent;
·The access which the employee has to the employer’s resources (both during and after hours) for their own purposes.
·Proprietary Information Agreements
·Non-competition Agreements, where indicated
On the basis of recent decisions of the Federal Court, only very brave employers are likely to decide that they do not require employment agreements with their senior employees or with those employees privy to confidential or proprietary information.
If you are an employer facing legal issues in any aspect of employment or intellectual property rights, consult Mark A. Nacol of The Nacol Law Firm for guidance.
The Nacol Law Firm PC Law office of Attorney Mark Nacol
Serving clients in the Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex area for over 30 years
Tel: 972-690-3333
Determining the Existence of a General Partnerships in Texas
General Partnerships in Texas are more common than people think. Individuals in the Dallas / Richardson area that form a business by oral agreement have unknowingly created a general partnership. General partnerships are common when two aspiring entrepreneurs orally decide to start a business and proceed without proper guidance from a lawyer.
The Court will look at five major factors to determine the existence of a general partnership. These factors are:
- Did two or more people express an intent to be partners?
- Did two or more people participate or have the right to participate in control of the existing business?
- Did two or more people agree to share losses or liability for claims by third parties against the business?
- Did two or more people agree to contribute money or other property to the business?
- two or more people share profits of the business?
If the answer is yes to any of these factors there may be a basis for a general partnership. The Court will make the determination of a general partnership on a case by case basis but at least one of the abovementioned factors must be present for the Court to determine that a general partnership exists.
Certain factors will not be considered when a Judge decides to whether a general partnership exists or not. These factors are:
- The right of two or more people to share profits as it pertains to:
a. repayment of a debt;
b. wages or compensation to an employee;
c. payment of rent or interest on a car loan:
d. payment of consideration for the sale of a business or other property: - The existence of joint or common tenancies; and
- Sharing or possession of a right to share gross receipts.
If circumstances dictate that a general partnership is created between two individuals then certain fiduciary duties and obligations arise between the partners. All partners have a fiduciary duty loyalty and care to the partnership and each other. A breach of this fiduciary duty may give rise to actual, punitive damages, and lost profits.
If you believe that through certain actions you have created a general partnership with a third-party. Please contact Nacol Law Firm to aid you in creating a business entity that will safe-guard your assets and protect you from liability.
Julian Nacol, Attorney
Nacol Law Firm, PC
(972) 690-3333
Interference with Child Custody in Texas
In the State of Texas, interference with child custody is punishable both civilly and criminally.
According to the Texas Family Code, a person who takes, retains, or conceals the whereabouts of a child at a time when another person is entitled to possession or access of the child may be liable for civil damages to that person.
The damages that may be recovered are expenses incurred while locating the child, securing the possession of the child, and enforcing the order, including attorneys fees. One may also be entitled to mental suffering and anguish incurred due to the interference and violation of the order. One may also be entitled to exemplary (punitive) damages if the violating party acts with malice, or an intent to harm the other party.
A violator can also be held criminally liable for interfering with child custody. According to the Texas Penal Code, a person commits an offense if they take or retain a child younger than 18 years of age, and:
- The person knows their taking or retention violates the express terms of a judgment or order, including a temporary order, of a court disposing of the child’s custody; or
- when the person has not been awarded custody of the child by a court of competent jurisdiction, knows that a suit for divorce or a civil suit or application for habeas corpus to dispose of the child’s custody has been filed, and takes the child out of the geographic area of the counties composing the judicial district if the court is a district court or the county if the court is a statutory county court, without the permission of the court and with the intent to deprive the court of authority over the child; or
- outside of the United States with the intent to deprive a person entitled to possession of or access to the child of that possession or access and without the permission of that person.
A noncustodial parent commits an offense if, with the intent to interfere with the lawful custody of a child younger than 18 years, the noncustodial parent knowingly entices or persuades the child to leave the custody of the custodial parent, guardian, or person standing in the stead of the custodial parent or guardian of the child. Such an offense is a state jail felony which, if prosecuted, can lead to fines of up to $10,000.00 and anywhere from 180 days to two years in state jail.
Nacol Law Firm – Dallas Custody Attorneys – Dallas Divorce
Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is in no way intended to constitute legal advice. The information provided is merely an overview of the relevant law. Do not act on this information. Always consult an attorney for legal advice.
NACOL LAW FIRM P.C.
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Dallas, Texas 75231
972-690-3333
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Attorney Mark A. Nacol is board certified in Civil Trial Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization
